Un regard sur l'évolution dynamique des régions HII géantes : interprétation des mouvements du gaz ionisé

L'interférométrie de Fabry-Pérot nous permet de quantifier les mouvements systémiques du matériel ionisé confiné à l'intérieur de deux nébuleuses géantes : la région H II galactique W 4 et la région H II géante extragalactique N GC 595. La région H II W 4 fut autrefois qualifiée de sérieuse candidate de cheminée dynamique. La cinématique Hα du gaz ionisé, obtenue à l'Observatoire du mont Mégantic, révèle que la nébuleuse est séparée en deux portions distinctes, définies par leurs étendues en latitude. W 4-sud (0° [plus petit ou égal à] b [plus petit ou égal à] 3°) est largement régie par une série d'écoulements Champagne à petite échelle résultant de la photoérosion d'agrégats moléculaires associés à la nébuleuse. Une importante partie de W4-sud, par contre, semble renfermer une composante ionisée reliée à la photoionisation de la coquille HI enveloppant l'imposante région H II. Si W4-sud nous apparaît comme le dernier stade dans la vie d'un complexe moléculaire géant, W 4-nord (3° [plus petit que] b [plus petit ou égal à] 7°) confirme la formation d'une cheminée dynamique dans la nébuleuse. Des instabilités au niveau de la portion nord de la coquille se sont vraissemblablement développées, entraînant la rupture de cette dernière. Un scénario de raréfaction domine W4-nord menant à un gradient de vitesse sud-nord à grande échelle au fur et à mesure que le matériel ionisé est éjecté. Le comportement cinématique de la composante H+ indique que l'amas stellaire IC 1805 contribue à l'ionisation du matériel interstellaire au-dessus du plan galactique. Nous proposons que les objets astronomiques similaires à W4 correspondent au chaînon manquant entre les régions H II galactiques de petite taille et les régions H II géantes extragalactiques. La région H II géante extragalactique NGC 595 se classe au second rang des nébuleuses les plus imposantes de M33, une galaxie spirale membre du Groupe Local. L'objet fut cartographié en Ha et [S II] suite à diverses missions d'observations à l'Observatoire du mont Mégantic. Les données [0 III] furent, pour leur part, obtenues au Télescope Canada-France-Hawaii par le directeur de thèse. Les observations spectro-interférométriques du gaz ionisé sont utilisées en combinaison avec des observations radio de la raie à 21 cm. Les largeurs de raie indiquent des mouvements supersoniques, un comportement régulièrement observé dans les objets extragalactiques. Ce comportement est potentiellement expliqué par le fait qu'écoulements Champagne et une forte turbulence isotrope dominent l'intérieur de la nébuleuse géante. En première approximation, il semblerait que composantes H+, 0++ et S+ ne coexistent pas spatialement. Une région au voisinage de l'amas stellaire montre un dédoublement de raies en Ha et [0 III]. Nous proposons que cette particularité spectrale résulte de bulles de vents stellaires en expansion confinées à l'intérieur d'objet. L'étude de NGC 595 nous permet de présenter la première carte bidimensionnelle en densités électroniques associée à une région H II géante extragalactique

Diagnostic line ratios in the IC 1805 optical gas complex

Large HII regions, with angular dimensions exceeding 10 pc, usually enclose numerous massive O-stars. Stellar winds from such stars are expected to play a sizeable role in the dynamical, morphological and chemical evolution of the targeted nebula. Kinematically, stellar winds remain hardly observable i.e., the typical expansion velocities of wind-blown bubbles being often confused with other dynamical processes also regularly found HII regions. However, supersonic shock waves, developed by stellar winds, should favor shock excitation and leave a well-defined spectral signature in the ionized nebular content. In this work, the presence of stellar winds, observed through shock excitation, is investigated in the brightest portions of the Galactic IC 1805 nebula, a giant HII region encompassing at least 10 O-stars from main-sequence O9 to giant and supergiant O4. The use of the imaging Fourier transform spectrometer SpIOMM enabled the simultaneous acquisition of the spectral information associated to the Halpha6563A, [NII]6548, 6584A, and [SII]6716, 6731A ionic lines. Diagnostic diagrams, first introduced by Sabbadin and collaborators, were used to circumscribe portions of the nebula likely subject to shock excitation from other areas dominated by photoionization. The gas compression, expected from supersonic shocks, is investigated by comparing the pre- and post-shocked material's densities computed from the [SII]/[SII] line ratio. The typical [NII]/[NII] line ratio slightly exceeds the theoretical value of 3 expected in low-density regimes. To explain such behavior, a scenario based on collisional de-excitations affecting the [NII]6548A line is proposed.Comment: 22 pages, 19 figures, 1 table, Accepted for publication by MNRAS on November 11th 201

The Gradient-Boosting Method for Tackling High Computing Demand in Underwater Acoustic Propagation Modeling

Agent-based models return spatiotemporal information used to process time series of specific parameters for specific individuals called “agents”. For complex, advanced and detailed models, this typically comes at the expense of high computing times and requires access to important computing resources. This paper provides an example on how machine learning and artificial intelligence can help predict an agent-based model’s output values at regular intervals without having to rely on time-consuming numerical calculations. Gradient-boosting XGBoost under GNU package’s R was used in the social-ecological agent-based model 3MTSim to interpolate, in the time domain, sound pressure levels received at the agents’ positions that were occupied by the endangered St. Lawrence Estuary and Saguenay Fjord belugas and caused by anthropomorphic noise of nearby transiting merchant vessels. A mean error of 3.23 ± 3.76(1σ) dB on received sound pressure levels was predicted when compared to ground truth values that were processed using rigorous, although time-consuming, numerical algorithms. The computing time gain was significant, i.e., it was estimated to be 10-fold higher than the ground truth simulation, whilst maintaining the original temporal resolution

The Gradient-Boosting Method for Tackling High Computing Demand in Underwater Acoustic Propagation Modeling

Agent-based models return spatiotemporal information used to process time series of specific parameters for specific individuals called “agents”. For complex, advanced and detailed models, this typically comes at the expense of high computing times and requires access to important computing resources. This paper provides an example on how machine learning and artificial intelligence can help predict an agent-based model’s output values at regular intervals without having to rely on time-consuming numerical calculations. Gradient-boosting XGBoost under GNU package’s R was used in the social-ecological agent-based model 3MTSim to interpolate, in the time domain, sound pressure levels received at the agents’ positions that were occupied by the endangered St. Lawrence Estuary and Saguenay Fjord belugas and caused by anthropomorphic noise of nearby transiting merchant vessels. A mean error of 3.23 ± 3.76(1σ) dB on received sound pressure levels was predicted when compared to ground truth values that were processed using rigorous, although time-consuming, numerical algorithms. The computing time gain was significant, i.e., it was estimated to be 10-fold higher than the ground truth simulation, whilst maintaining the original temporal resolution

Correction: Lagrois et al. Low-to-Mid-Frequency Monopole Source Levels of Underwater Noise from Small Recreational Vessels in the St. Lawrence Estuary Beluga Critical Habitat. <i>Sensors</i> 2023, <i>23</i>, 1674

There was an error in the original publication [...

Low-to-Mid-Frequency Monopole Source Levels of Underwater Noise from Small Recreational Vessels in the St. Lawrence Estuary Beluga Critical Habitat

Anthropogenic noise from navigation is a major contributor to the disturbance of the acoustic soundscape in underwater environments containing noise-sensitive life forms. While previous studies mostly developed protocols for the empirical determination of noise source levels associated with the world’s commercial fleet, this work explores the radiated noise emitted by small recreational vessels that thrive in many coastal waters, such as in the St. Lawrence Estuary beluga population’s summer habitat. Hydrophone-based measurements in the Saguenay River (QC, Canada) were carried out during the summers of 2021 and 2022. Shore-based observations identified 45 isolated transits of small, motorized vessels and were able to track their displacement during their passage near the hydrophone. Received noise levels at the hydrophone typically fell below the hearing audiogram of the endangered St. Lawrence Estuary beluga. Monopole source levels at low frequencies (0.1–≲2 kHz) held on average twice the acoustic power compared to their mid-frequency (≳2–30 kHz) counterparts. The speed over ground of recreational vessel showed a positive correlation with the back-propagated monopole source levels. Estimations of the mid-frequency noise levels based on low-frequency measurements should be used moderately

Underwater acoustic impacts of shipping management measures: Results from a social-ecological model of boat and whale movements in the St. Lawrence River Estuary (Canada)

The recovery of whale species at risk requires the implementation of protection measures designed to mitigate the risks posed by various stressors. In the St. Lawrence Estuary (Canada), several whale species are threatened by navigation activities in various ways. Since 2013, seasonal voluntary ship strike mitigation measures, including a speed reduction area (SRA) and a no-go area, were implemented annually and largely adopted by the maritime industry to reduce the risks of lethal collisions with four species of baleen whales. While the endangered St. Lawrence beluga population is unlikely to be subject to collisions with large merchant ships, it is known to be negatively affected by vessel-generated underwater noise. To assess how these protection measures modify the beluga’s soundscape throughout their critical habitat, we implemented an underwater acoustic module within an existing agent-based model (3MTSim) of ship-whale movements and interactions in the St. Lawrence Estuary. We ran multiple simulations for two scenarios 1) without and 2) with the protection measures to compare the level of noise received by belugas before and after 2013. Overall, the simulations showed a statistically-significant 1.6% decrease in the total amount of noise received by belugas in their critical habitat following the implementation of the protection measures. Although slowing down ships reduces instantaneous radiated noise, it also increases the total amount of acoustic energy released in the environment by extending the time spent in the SRA. Accordingly, our simulations showed a 2.4% increase in the cumulative noise from shipping received by beluga in the SRA. Conversely, belugas located in the Upper Estuary, mostly females and calves, i.e., the most valuable individuals experienced a 5.4% reduction in the cumulative received level of shipping noise. Although refinements are required to improve the modelling of noise sources and propagation for finer scale projections in this complex nearshore environment, this agent-based modelling paradigm of 3MTSim proved informative for underwater acoustic impact assessments